Dantrolene sodium is a medication that inhibits binding of ryanodine to the ryanodine receptor type 1 on the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane in skeletal muscle, inhibiting calcium release. This leads to skeletal muscle weakness but without complete paralysis. Dantrolene is effective as both treatment of malignant hyperthermia and as a prophylaxis against repeat episodes. It has also been used for hyperthermia due to other etiologies including neuroleptic malignant syndrome.

 Back to Top

   
Datura stramonium, also known as Jimson weed, contains anticholinergic alkaloids. The anticholinergic syndrome is characterized by warm, dry, flushed skin; dry mouth; mydriasis; delirium; tachycardia; ileus; and urinary retention. Jerky myoclonic movements and choreoathetosis are common and may lead to rhabdomyolysis. Hyperthermia, coma and respiratory arrest may occur. The seeds of this plant contain the highest concentration of these toxins.

 Back to Top

DigiFab (digoxin immune Fab) is a preparation of ovine monovalent immunoglobulin fragments directed against digoxin utilized in the reversal of digoxin toxicity. This immunoglobulin binding to digoxin shifts the equilibrium away from digoxin binding to its target receptors, allowing the clearance of the digoxin and DigiFab complex by the kidneys.

 Back to Top

Cardiac glycosides and related cardenolides are found in several plants, including Nerium oleander, Digitalis purpurea (Foxglove), Convallaria majalis (lily of the valley), red squill, and rhododendron and in toad venom (Bufo species).

 Back to Top