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INSAR Policy Brief

To view the Policy Brief please click here

This policy brief is sponsored by the International Society for Autism Research (INSAR). This effort would not be possible without the contribution of all of our partners.

    Policy Brief Citations

    1. Autism & Safety Toolkit. Autistic Self Advocacy Network. https://autisticadvocacy.org/policy/toolkits/safety/. Accessed December 18, 2020.
    2. Cooper DS, Uppal D, Railey KS, et al. Policy gaps and opportunities: A systematic review of autism spectrum disorder and criminal justice intersections [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 24]. Autism. 2022;13623613211070341. doi:10.1177/13623613211070341
    3. Koffer Miller KH, Becker A, Cooper D, Shea L. Justice System Interactions Among Autistic Individuals: A Multiple Methods Analysis. Crime & Delinquency. November 2021. doi:10.1177/00111287211054733
    4. Rava J, Shattuck P, Rast J, Roux A. The Prevalence and Correlates of Involvement in the Criminal Justice System Among Youth on the Autism Spectrum. J Autism Dev Disord. 2017;47(2):340-346. doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2958-3
    5. Salerno AC, Schuller RA. A mixed-methods study of police experiences of adults with autism spectrum disorder in Canada. Int J Law Psychiatry. 2019;64(August 2018):18-25. doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.01.002
    6. Weiss JA, Fardella MA. Victimization and Perpetration Experiences of Adults With Autism. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:203. Published 2018 May 25. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00203
    7. Christoffersen MN. Violent crime against children with disabilities: A nationwide prospective birth cohort-study. Child Abuse Negl. 2019;98:104150. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104150
    8. Kelty SF, Julian R, Ross A. Dismantling the Justice Silos: Avoiding the pitfalls and reaping the benefits of information-sharing between forensic science, medicine and law. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;230(1):8-15. doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.10.032
    9. Borakove EM, Wosje R, Cruz F, Wickman A, Dibble T, Harbus C. From Silo to System: What Makes a Criminal Justice System Operate Like a System? Arlington, VA; 2015. http://www.safetyandjusticechallenge.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/From-Silo-to-System-30-APR-2015_FINAL.pdf
    10. Munetz MR, Griffin PA. Use of the Sequential Intercept Model as an approach to decriminalization of people with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv. 2006;57(4):544-549. doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.4.544
    11. Shea LL, Cooper D, Wilson AB. Preventing and improving interactions between autistic individuals and the criminal justice system: A roadmap for research. Autism Res. 2021;14(10):2053-2060. doi:10.1002/aur.2594
    12. Bell M. Criminalization of Blackness: Systemic Racism and the Reproduction of Racial Inequality in the US Criminal Justice System. In: Systemic Racism: Making Liberty, Justice, and Democracy Real.  2017:163-183. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-59410-5_7
    13. Reeves E. A synthesis of the literature on trauma-informed care. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2015;36(9):698-709. doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1025319
    14. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Social Determinants of Health. https://health.gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/social-determinants-health
    15. Crompton CJ, Ropar D, Evans-Williams CV, Flynn EG, Fletcher-Watson S. Autistic peer-to-peer information transfer is highly effective. Autism. 2020;24(7):1704-1712. doi:10.1177/1362361320919286
    16. South J, Woodall J, Kinsella K, Dixey R, Penson B, de Viggiani N. Conference Proceedings Peers in Prison Settings (PiPS) Expert Symposium. Peers Prison Settings Expert Symp Conf Proc. 2012;(Leeds Beckett University). http://eprints.leedsbeckett.ac.uk/id/eprint/650/
    17. Osher F, Steadman HJ, Barr H. A Best Practice Approach to Community Reentry from Jails for Inmates with Co-Occurring Disorders: The APIC Model. Delmar, NY: The National GAINS Center; 2002. https://www.addictioncounselorce.com/articles/101286/apic.pdf

    Policy Brief Innovations in Action

    Innovations in Action are existing programs, models, or resources from around the world that offer opportunities for replication.

    Intercept 0:

    • Criminal justice system information, as seen in New Zealand, is critically important.
    • Resources from Pennsylvania to encourage safety and prevent sexual victimization.

    Intercept 1:

    • Examples of training and social opportunities with law enforcement from the United Kingdom (UK) and a national program based in the United States (US).
    • Alternative responder model for crisis de-escalation from Eugene, Oregon, US.

    Intercept 2:

    • Identifying if an individual has social and communication needs can maximize opportunities for diversion and modifications as seen in Canada.
    • Communication specialist requested in criminal trials from the UK.

    Intercept 3:

    • Certified court advocates, as seen in Australia, can support autistic individuals with communication and system navigation.
    • Accessible and virtual court experience from Sweden.

    Intercept 4:

    • Accommodations inside prison/jails/confinement settings, as in the UK, should incorporate individual needs and minimize trauma.
    • The US Department of Justice provides resources for victims after an offender has been convicted.
    • In-prison peer support model from Australia.

    Intercept 5:

    • A best practice approach, like this US example, to transition offenders with other diagnoses can be adapted for autistic offenders.
    • Specialized organization facilitates discharge planning from Ontario, Canada.

    Intercept 6:

    • Preventing recidivism is a key to community corrections as seen in this guide from the US.
    • Linking the vulnerable to community and psychiatric services from Ontario, Canada.