After World War II, the federal government established specific sets of regulations to oversee the conduct of biomedical research. These regulations tended to take the form of management-based regulations, and were generally imposed as conditions of federal funding. This Article identifies and describes the development of four areas of regulatory oversight: (1) human subjects research, (2) animal research, (3) scientific integrity and misconduct, and (4) financial conflicts of interest. Each is an example of management-based regulation: regulated entities have flexibility in designing policies and programs that meet generalized regulatory requirements.